Georgian is the primary language of astir 4,000,000 population within Georgia itself (8Triplet% of the population), & of some other 3.Five million population overseas (mainly around Turkey, Russia, USA and Europe with smaller communities inside Iran and Azerbaijan). These are a literary language for 100% ethnographic groups of Georgian people, especially those world health organization speak more Kartvelian languages (Svans, Megrelians, and a Laz).

The language

Linguistic classification
Georgian is the first of the South Caucasian languages, a personal that besides includes Svan and Megrelian (chiefly spoken inside Northwest Georgia) & Laz (chiefly spoken along a Black Sea coast of Turkey, from either Melyat, Rize to the Georgian frontier).

Dialects
Idiom of Georgian include Imeretian, Racha-Lechkhum, Gurian, Ajarian, Imerkhev (witharound Turkey), Kartlian, Kakhetian, Ingilo, Rear, Khevsur, Mokhev, Pshav, Mtiul, Ferjeidan (in Iran), Meskhetian.

History of the language
Georgian is believed to keep around separated from either Megrelian & Laz in the foremost millennium BC. According to a degree of vary, linguists (e.g. G.Klimov, T.Gamkrelidze, G.Machavariani) conjecture that a earliest split occurred in a 2nd millennium BC or even earliest, separating Svan from either the more languages. Megrelian & Laz separated from either Georgian about the k years late.

Georgian has the super rich literary tradition. A oldest living literary text inside Georgian is the "Martyrdom of Saint Shushaniki, the Queen" (Tsamebay tsmindisa Shushanikisi, dedoplisa) by Iakob Tsurtaveli, from a 5th century AD.

Linguistic features
Georgian writing is phonetic, meaning that these are scan exactly when it is written.

A language contains a select few formidable consonant clusters, as can be seen around words such as gvprtskvni ("You peel us") & mtsvrtneli ("trainer").

Virtually all Georgian cognomen prevent within -dze ("son") (American Georgia), -shvili ("child") (Eastern Georgiowa), -ia (American Georgia, Samegrelo), -ani (Western Georgia, Svaneti), -uri (Eastern Georgia), etc.

Georgian is an agglutinative language. There come certain prefixes & postfix that are joined together sequentially to build the verb. Withinside a few events, there may be upto Octonary different morphemes in a single verb at a equivalent instance. An case may be ageshenebinat ("you (pl) had built"). the verb may be broken down to area: the-g-e-shen-eb-inside-a-t. From each one morpheme on text contributes to a meaning of a verb tense or even the individual world health organization has performed the verb (Understand Georgian grammar for a additional elaborate discussion).

Georgian has 7 lawsuits of the noun: nominative, ergative, dative, genitive, instrumental, adverbial and vocative. An interesting feature of Georgian is that, when within altogether but all more languages a subject of a phrase is universally in the nominative instance, & the object is in the accusative case (or dative case), around Georgian, of these might buy this reversed within numbers of situations (this depends chiefly on the character of the verb). This is known as a dative construction. It used to be that tense of the transitive, & in the present tense of the verb "to know", a subject is in the ergative pack.

Georgian occurs as post-positional language, meaning that a adpositions come situated when the noun (virtually all of the children when postfix & occasionally of the two when separate words) like than existence stated prior to it. There are many post-positions corresponding to the meanings of prepositions around English. For each one post-position takes the specific pack of the noun to which these are bound (this is akinside to the apply of prepositions in German).

Georgian hwhen a subject-verb-object primary syntax, however the word sequentially is non when nonindulgent as these are around English or even more Germanic languages such as German. Non altogether word orders come acceptable, however these are too conceivable to encounter a structure of subject-object-verb. Georgian has there is no grammatical gender; even pronouns come gender-neutral. A language likewise has there is no articles. So, for instance, "guest", "a guest" & "the guest" come said in the equivalent way. Around relative clauses, however, these are conceivable to establish a meaning of the definite article across apply of a bit of particles.

Georgian has the rich word-derivation technique. By applying a root, & adding occasionally definite prefixes & postfix, 1 could derive numerous nouns & adjectives from either the root. E.g., from either a root -Kart-, a as a consequence words may be derived: Kartveli (the Georgian individual), Kartuli (a Georgian language) & Sakartvelo (Georgia).

Syncope is a common phenomenon around Georgian. Once a postfix (especially the plural suffix -eb-) is tied to the word which has either of the vowels a or e inside the previous syllable, this vowel is, in virtually all words, wasted. E.g., megobthelittle rhody means "friend." To say "friends," of these says, megobร˜rebwe (megobrebi), by having the loss of a in the survive syllable of the word root.

Georgian has the vigesimal number rules, according to a counting system of Xx. Sequentially to express a total greater than Xx & less than One c, total 1 the number of Twenty's in a total is stated & the odd total is added. E.g., 93 is expressed when 4-score-&-thirteen.

Grammar

View Georgian grammar

Alphabet
Understand Georgian alphabet

Phonology

Consonants
In which there are multiple consonants for the point of articulation, it is given in the resulting the correct sequence: voiceless / voiced / voiceless ejective.

^Onehas neither non-ejective nor sonant counterparts

These come crucial to note that a select few consonants inside Georgian are combination of ii sounds. Which are actually: แƒช, ʦ (dental & affricate consonant, voiceless aspirated) แƒซ, ʣ (dental & affricative, soft) แƒฌ, ʦʼ (dental & affricate consonant, voiceless ejective)

Besides compare these similar sounds: แƒฅ, k (aspirated) & แƒ™, kʼ (ejective) แƒ—, t (aspirated) & แƒข, tʼ (ejective) แƒค, p (aspirated) & แƒž, pʼ (ejective) แƒฉ, '' (ejective)

In a ejective sounds, of these creates the stronger stress in the healthy that follows the consonant.

Around Georgian there are ii sounds resembling a English -h-: แƒฐ, "h" (continuant & glottal) & แƒฎ ("kh"), (continuant & velar).

When a number 1 of these sounds a equivalent when h in the word hotel'', a 2nd 1 doesn't own an English equivalent, however is articulated in the same place when English k & g. These are a equivalent healthy when in the Scottish word loch or even a title of the composer Bach.

There are numbers of consonant clusters in Georgian, while all the nouns' nominative out break prevent using the vowel. Numerous nouns inside Georgian commence using deuce consonants (view a examples segment).

Vowels

View as well: Georgian in Iran

Examples

Word formations

Georgian has the word derivation body, which allows to derive nouns from either verb roots two by using prefixes & postfix.

From either a root -''ts'er- ("write"), a words '''ts'er'ili ("letter"), thousand'ts'er'ali ("writer") come derived.

From either a root -ts- ("give"), a word gadatsema ("broadcast") is derived.

From either a root -tsd- ("try"), a word gamotsdthe ("exam") is derived.

From either a root -gav- ("resemble"), a words msgavsi ("similar") & msgavseba ("similarity") come derived.

From either a root -ลกen- ("build"), a word ลกenoba ("building") is derived.

From either a root -tskh- ("bake"), a word namtskhvari ("cake") is derived.

From either a root -tsiv- ("cold"), a word matsivari ("refrigerator") is derived.

From either a root -pr- ("fly"), a words tvitmprinavi ("plane") & gamoprena ("take-off") come derived.

These are besides imaginable to derive verbs from either nouns:

From either a noun -omi- ("war"), a verb omob ("wage war") is derived.

From either a noun -sadili- ("lunch"), a verb sadilob ("eat lunch") is derived.

From either a noun -sauzme- ("breakfast"), a verb ''ts'thesauzmob ("eat a little breakfast") is derived (A preverb ts'the- inside Georgian may add a pregnant "VERBing a little."

From either a noun -ts'iteli- ("red"), a verb ga'''ts'itl'eba (a infinite form of each "to blush" & "to make one blush") is derived. This kinda derivation may be done by using numerous adjectives around Georgian. More examples may be:

From either a noun -brma- ("blind"), a verbs district attorneybrmaveba (a infinite form of two "to become blind" & "to blind someone") come derived.

From either a noun -lamazi- ("beautiful"), a verb galamazeba (a infinite form of the verb "to become beautiful") is derived.

From either a noun -sakhli- ("home"), a verb gadasakhleba (a infinite form of the verb "to relocate, to move") is derived.

Words that begin with multiple consonants

Around Georgian numerous nouns & adjectives commence sustaining deuce or further contiguous consonants. Because each letter within Georgian is to exist as pronounced, a non-native speaker can buy it especially difficult to say the words that commence sustaining further than of these consonant. Notwithstanding, since these are physically impossible to pronounce deuce contiguous consonants which don't have the past vowel, a phantom vowel -ฤฑ- emerges between them sounds. Within English, a nighest healthy to this is in the word rhythm, which may be heard in the pronunciation of the letters -th- & -m, in the pronunciation of e in the word butter, & in the pronuncation of train between a letters t & r.

After a consonant follows one of the double-healthy consonants (แƒช, แƒซ, แƒฌ), a phantom -ฤฑ- is heard between a number 1 & a 2nd consonant, non around between them sounds of the number 1 consonant. For instance, in the pronunciation of แƒฌแƒฅ (''ts'k), a -ฤฑ- is between a s & a k; non inside between a t & a s. So, these are pronounced prefer, "tsฤฑk''."

Whenever an additional consonant precedes one of these, once agawithin a phantom vowel is heard non in between them sounds of a consonant, however correct when the foremost consonant. In the lesson of แƒ•แƒฌแƒ”แƒ  ('"vts"er), "I personally write," the phantom vowel emerges between the letters แƒ• and แƒฌ.

Some linguists assert that almost half of the words in Georgian begin with double consonants. This is because most syllables in the language begin with certain two consonants. Some examples of words that begin with double consonants are: แƒฌแƒงแƒ?แƒšแƒ˜, ('''ts'q''ali), "water" แƒกแƒฌแƒ?แƒ แƒ˜, ('"sts"ori), "correct" แƒ แƒซแƒ” , (rdze), "milk" แƒ—แƒ›แƒ?, (tma), "hair" แƒ›แƒ—แƒ?, (mta), "mountain" แƒชแƒฎแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜, (tskheni), "horse"

There are also many words that begin with three contiguous consonants (the phantom vowel is pronounced between the first two): แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ, (tkven), "busy people (plural form)" แƒ›แƒฌแƒ•แƒ?แƒœแƒ”, ('''mts'v'ane), "green" แƒชแƒฎแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜, (tskhviri), "nose" แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜, ('''''t'k'b'ili), "sweet" แƒ›แƒขแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, ('''''mt'k' 'ivneuli), "painful" แƒฉแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ?แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜, (ฤ?rdiloeti), "north"

There also a few words in Georgian that begin with four contiguous consonants. Examples are: แƒ›แƒ™แƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜, ('''''mk'vl'eli), "murderer" แƒ›แƒ™แƒ•แƒ“แƒ?แƒ แƒ˜, ('''''mk'vd'ari), "dead" แƒ›แƒ—แƒ•แƒ แƒ?แƒšแƒ˜, (mtvrali), "drunk" แƒ›แƒฌแƒ™แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜; ('''''mts'k'r'ivi), "row"

There can also be some extreme cases in Georgian. For example, the following word begins with six contiguous consonants: แƒ›แƒฌแƒ•แƒ แƒ—แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜, ('''''mts'vrtn'eli), "trainer"

Common phrases

See Common phrases in various languages